Other · Unknown
In December 2015, Citizen Lab revealed Packrat, a regional malware, phishing, and disinformation campaign active since approximately 2008 targeting independent journalists, activists, opposition figures, and political figures in several Latin American countries, including Venezuela and its diaspora. Citizen Lab identified fake infrastructure related to Venezuelan issues, such as PanCaliente and Chavistas24, but explained that it found no evidence that those two sites were used for phishing or malware delivery. The record is maintained as a regional campaign, rather than as individual Venezuelan incidents, because public sources do not name specific Venezuelan victims who could be identified separately.